GUDRUN

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• General information

  General information

  Attribute	Value
  Field name Official field name	GUDRUN
  Factmaps in new window	link to map
  Current activity status Current activity status of the field. Example of legal values: SHUT DOWN, PRODUCING, PDO APPROVED	Producing
  Discovery wellbore Name of the wellbore which proved the field.	15/3-1 S
  Discovery year. The year the field was discovered	1975
  Main area Main NCS area. Example of legal values: NORTH SEA, NORWEGIAN SEA, BARENTS SEA	North sea
  Main supply base Main supply base	Dusavik
  NPDID field Norwegian Offshore Directorate's unique id for fields	18116481

• Picture

  Picture

• Discoveries included

  Discoveries included

  Discovery name
  15/3-9
  15/3-1 S Gudrun

• Activity status – history

  Activity status – history

  Status	Status from	Status to
  Producing	07.04.2014
  Approved for production	16.06.2010	06.04.2014

• Located in

  Located in

  Block name	Prod. licence
  15/3	025

• PDO – Plan for Development and Operations

  PDO – Plan for Development and Operations

  Date PDO approved	Description	Type
  19.12.2013	PUD-fritak 15/3-9	PDO Exemption
  16.06.2010	Behandlet i Stortinget	PDO

• Owner – current

  Owner – current

  Owner kind	Owner name
  PRODUCTION LICENSE	025

• Operatorship – current

  Operatorship – current

  Company name
  Equinor Energy AS

• Licensees – current

  Licensees – current

  Company name	Nation code	Company share [%]
  Equinor Energy AS	NO	36.000000
  Vår Energi Norge AS	NO	25.000000
  OMV (Norge) AS	NO	24.000000
  Repsol Norge AS	NO	15.000000

• Norwegian Offshore Directorate – estimate for reserves (Norwegian share)

  Norwegian Offshore Directorate – estimate for reserves (Norwegian share)

  Valid date:	31.12.2023

  Norwegian Offshore Directorate – estimate for reserves (Norwegian share)

  Orig. recoverable oil [mill Sm3]	Orig. recoverable gas [bill Sm3]	Orig. recoverable NGL [mill tonn]	Orig. recoverable cond. [mill Sm3]	Orig. recoverable oil eq. [mill Sm3 o.e]
  25.66	18.48	1.85	0.00	47.66

  Norwegian Offshore Directorate – estimate for reserves (Norwegian share)

  Orig. inplace oil [mill Sm3]	Orig. inplace ass. liquid [mill Sm3]	Orig. inplace ass. gas [bill Sm3]	Orig. inplace free gas [bill Sm3]
  50.00	23.00	19.00	29.00

  Norwegian Offshore Directorate – estimate for reserves (Norwegian share)

  Remaining oil [mill Sm3]	Remaining gas [bill Sm3]	Remaining NGL [mill tonn]	Remaining cond. [mill Sm3]	Remaining oil eq. [mill Sm3 o.e]
  5.23	4.87	0.25	0.00	10.58

• Description

  Description

  Type	Text	Date updated
  Development	Gudrun is a field in the central part of the North Sea, 50 kilometres north of the Sleipner Øst field. The water depth is 110 metres. Gudrun was discovered in 1975, and the plan for development and operation (PDO) was approved in 2010. The field is developed with a steel jacket and a topside with process facility and living quarters. Gudrun is tied-back to the Sleipner A facility with two pipelines, one for oil and one for wet gas. A PDO exemption was granted for the discovery 15/3-9 in 2013. The production started in 2014.	13.12.2023
  Reservoir	Gudrun produces oil and gas from sandstone in the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation and the Middle Jurassic Hugin Formation. The reservoir quality in the Draupe Formation, which constitutes the main recoverable resources, is in general good. The Hugin Formation has larger variation in reservoir quality. The reservoirs are at depths of 4000-4700 metres.	13.12.2023
  Recovery strategy	The field is mainly produced by pressure depletion. Part of the reservoir in the Draupne Formation is produced with water injection.	13.12.2023
  Transport	Unstable oil and rich gas are transported in separate pipelines to the Sleipner A facility for further processing. Dry gas is exported via Gassled (Area D) to the market, while oil is transported to the Kårstø terminal.	28.02.2023
  Status	The production from Gudrun has started to decline. Water injection in parts of the Darupne reservoir started in 2022. The second drilling campaign was completed in 2022, and infill targets for the third drilling campaign are being matured. A new 4D seismic survey was completed in 2023. The Gudrun installation has flexibility for tie-in of discoveries in the area.	13.12.2023

• Investments (expected)

  Investments (expected)

  The operators future investments related to the reservers from 2023 [mill NOK 2023-kroner]. The stated investment estimate has not been corrected for possible investment sharing.	978

• Investments (historical)

  Investments (historical)

  	Investments [mill NOK nominal values]
  Sum	27192
  2022	1835
  2021	1951
  2020	2129
  2019	714
  2018	211
  2017	86
  2016	335
  2015	1669
  2014	2604
  2013	4674
  2012	5127
  2011	4779
  2010	1078

• Production , saleable

  Production , saleable

  	Month	Net - oil [mill Sm3]	Net - gas [bill Sm3]	Net - condensate [mill Sm3]	Net - NGL [mill Sm3]	Net - oil equivalents [mill Sm3]
  Sum		20.625377	13.994278	0.000000	2.989788	37.609443
  2024		0.189111	0.157399	0.000000	0.019184	0.365694
  1	0.097786	0.079944	0.000000	0.010527	0.188257
  2	0.091325	0.077455	0.000000	0.008657	0.177437
  2023		1.258634	0.982875	0.000000	0.114858	2.356367
  1	0.140283	0.108283	0.000000	0.013073	0.261639
  2	0.125555	0.095478	0.000000	0.011539	0.232572
  3	0.124986	0.099997	0.000000	0.011276	0.236259
  4	0.094556	0.079685	0.000000	0.009554	0.183795
  5	0.106841	0.090547	0.000000	0.010348	0.207736
  6	0.103262	0.082487	0.000000	0.010810	0.196559
  7	0.097615	0.079560	0.000000	0.007470	0.184645
  8	0.116967	0.086178	0.000000	0.010089	0.213234
  9	0.049458	0.033901	0.000000	0.004708	0.088067
  10	0.096535	0.068222	0.000000	0.008777	0.173534
  11	0.100433	0.075909	0.000000	0.007814	0.184156
  12	0.102143	0.082628	0.000000	0.009400	0.194171
  2022		1.457314	1.214600	0.000000	0.109805	2.781719
  1	0.125002	0.109426	0.000000	0.011494	0.245922
  2	0.115522	0.100137	0.000000	0.009071	0.224730
  3	0.125035	0.112205	0.000000	0.007947	0.245187
  4	0.085415	0.086599	0.000000	0.006993	0.179007
  5	0.105516	0.099926	0.000000	0.009499	0.214941
  6	0.119224	0.104728	0.000000	0.009895	0.233847
  7	0.128205	0.097753	0.000000	0.008856	0.234814
  8	0.139828	0.111510	0.000000	0.010218	0.261556
  9	0.084347	0.068991	0.000000	0.007315	0.160653
  10	0.141632	0.111501	0.000000	0.010014	0.263147
  11	0.145489	0.105894	0.000000	0.008931	0.260314
  12	0.142099	0.105930	0.000000	0.009572	0.257601
  2021		1.245230	1.206195	0.000000	0.219220	2.670645
  1	0.117102	0.114166	0.000000	0.023383	0.254651
  2	0.111640	0.112074	0.000000	0.023999	0.247713
  3	0.122010	0.120985	0.000000	0.027857	0.270852
  4	0.117780	0.113384	0.000000	0.026049	0.257213
  5	0.091567	0.088449	0.000000	0.013168	0.193184
  6	0.119500	0.115663	0.000000	0.021617	0.256780
  7	0.121449	0.115561	0.000000	0.022392	0.259402
  8	0.092935	0.090505	0.000000	0.016787	0.200227
  9	0.032429	0.036320	0.000000	0.007985	0.076734
  10	0.095179	0.093633	0.000000	0.010789	0.199601
  11	0.096670	0.093030	0.000000	0.012467	0.202167
  12	0.126969	0.112425	0.000000	0.012727	0.252121
  2020		1.431467	1.348317	0.000000	0.268903	3.048687
  1	0.146304	0.131092	0.000000	0.028358	0.305754
  2	0.133658	0.122041	0.000000	0.023200	0.278899
  3	0.138684	0.128289	0.000000	0.024952	0.291925
  4	0.130991	0.118967	0.000000	0.020660	0.270618
  5	0.134118	0.117183	0.000000	0.020466	0.271767
  6	0.121239	0.117701	0.000000	0.020379	0.259319
  7	0.130361	0.124284	0.000000	0.024093	0.278738
  8	0.125191	0.122008	0.000000	0.022537	0.269736
  9	0.068399	0.068700	0.000000	0.013955	0.151054
  10	0.091779	0.091087	0.000000	0.026541	0.209407
  11	0.105256	0.104640	0.000000	0.023079	0.232975
  12	0.105487	0.102325	0.000000	0.020683	0.228495
  2019		1.972563	1.495761	0.000000	0.293819	3.762143
  1	0.203497	0.144689	0.000000	0.030606	0.378792
  2	0.181461	0.125657	0.000000	0.026899	0.334017
  3	0.193419	0.137422	0.000000	0.029594	0.360435
  4	0.175102	0.131029	0.000000	0.026455	0.332586
  5	0.185415	0.135280	0.000000	0.028842	0.349537
  6	0.169609	0.130631	0.000000	0.026341	0.326581
  7	0.171121	0.130921	0.000000	0.028123	0.330165
  8	0.166377	0.132529	0.000000	0.023932	0.322838
  9	0.089424	0.059322	0.000000	0.010399	0.159145
  10	0.153101	0.128540	0.000000	0.020582	0.302223
  11	0.138475	0.113132	0.000000	0.020676	0.272283
  12	0.145562	0.126609	0.000000	0.021370	0.293541
  2018		2.378744	1.630080	0.000000	0.322791	4.331615
  1	0.247966	0.173804	0.000000	0.035172	0.456942
  2	0.205765	0.140091	0.000000	0.025472	0.371328
  3	0.222776	0.155437	0.000000	0.029148	0.407361
  4	0.212786	0.148980	0.000000	0.028649	0.390415
  5	0.210822	0.148989	0.000000	0.027164	0.386975
  6	0.208757	0.151072	0.000000	0.026494	0.386323
  7	0.218089	0.156353	0.000000	0.026480	0.400922
  8	0.200112	0.135225	0.000000	0.027292	0.362629
  9	0.052387	0.030531	0.000000	0.009572	0.092490
  10	0.204225	0.128909	0.000000	0.029485	0.362619
  11	0.203503	0.135774	0.000000	0.031593	0.370870
  12	0.191556	0.124915	0.000000	0.026270	0.342741
  2017		3.192586	2.009186	0.000000	0.479981	5.681753
  1	0.332720	0.177931	0.000000	0.045208	0.555859
  2	0.289028	0.159533	0.000000	0.043924	0.492485
  3	0.256025	0.145185	0.000000	0.037726	0.438936
  4	0.261815	0.168170	0.000000	0.041596	0.471581
  5	0.295925	0.185242	0.000000	0.046201	0.527368
  6	0.292757	0.183049	0.000000	0.040459	0.516265
  7	0.290154	0.177001	0.000000	0.044214	0.511369
  8	0.196711	0.123329	0.000000	0.030705	0.350745
  9	0.238600	0.163917	0.000000	0.036469	0.438986
  10	0.256247	0.180811	0.000000	0.039052	0.476110
  11	0.239025	0.173232	0.000000	0.039978	0.452235
  12	0.243579	0.171786	0.000000	0.034449	0.449814
  2016		3.400429	1.727274	0.000000	0.474408	5.602111
  1	0.328076	0.166169	0.000000	0.047085	0.541330
  2	0.314816	0.154031	0.000000	0.046368	0.515215
  3	0.281350	0.131823	0.000000	0.036474	0.449647
  4	0.323371	0.165289	0.000000	0.047202	0.535862
  5	0.272647	0.131255	0.000000	0.034330	0.438232
  6	0.311479	0.157541	0.000000	0.047270	0.516290
  7	0.325331	0.161838	0.000000	0.045471	0.532640
  8	0.260248	0.126971	0.000000	0.028809	0.416028
  9	0.064275	0.040308	0.000000	0.007874	0.112457
  10	0.319788	0.171087	0.000000	0.046962	0.537837
  11	0.318457	0.172164	0.000000	0.043620	0.534241
  12	0.280591	0.148798	0.000000	0.042943	0.472332
  2015		3.018623	1.539964	0.000000	0.472382	5.030969
  1	0.225808	0.126788	0.000000	0.035527	0.388123
  2	0.151004	0.076990	0.000000	0.014419	0.242413
  3	0.022980	0.012609	0.000000	0.003408	0.038997
  4	0.237416	0.128101	0.000000	0.046557	0.412074
  5	0.284964	0.145370	0.000000	0.041404	0.471738
  6	0.270741	0.140545	0.000000	0.046041	0.457327
  7	0.288370	0.148877	0.000000	0.047372	0.484619
  8	0.249953	0.131669	0.000000	0.036758	0.418380
  9	0.287447	0.142052	0.000000	0.050865	0.480364
  10	0.336671	0.162394	0.000000	0.049781	0.548846
  11	0.332059	0.160864	0.000000	0.048790	0.541713
  12	0.331210	0.163705	0.000000	0.051460	0.546375
  2014		1.080676	0.682627	0.000000	0.214437	1.977740
  3	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
  4	0.046386	0.035633	0.000000	0.012521	0.094540
  5	0.064721	0.044151	0.000000	0.012602	0.121474
  6	0.069277	0.050503	0.000000	0.019058	0.138838
  7	0.081035	0.057829	0.000000	0.021041	0.159905
  8	0.038477	0.024935	0.000000	0.008249	0.071661
  9	0.090368	0.056308	0.000000	0.019663	0.166339
  10	0.179222	0.113900	0.000000	0.032952	0.326074
  11	0.235688	0.139967	0.000000	0.042342	0.417997
  12	0.275502	0.159401	0.000000	0.046009	0.480912

• Production , sum wellbores

  Production , sum wellbores

  	Month	Gross - oil [mill Sm3]	Gross - gas [bill Sm3]	Gross - condensate [mill Sm3]	Gross - oil equivalents [mill Sm3]
  Sum		23.652158	14.732284	0.000000	38.384442
  2024		0.203099	0.162732	0.000000	0.365831
  1	0.106533	0.082736	0.000000	0.189269
  2	0.096566	0.079996	0.000000	0.176562
  2023		1.384348	1.006168	0.000000	2.390516
  1	0.153869	0.110367	0.000000	0.264236
  2	0.137503	0.098278	0.000000	0.235781
  3	0.142627	0.103290	0.000000	0.245917
  4	0.104196	0.082153	0.000000	0.186349
  5	0.116683	0.090052	0.000000	0.206735
  6	0.111840	0.085654	0.000000	0.197494
  7	0.101904	0.082725	0.000000	0.184629
  8	0.123439	0.089847	0.000000	0.213286
  9	0.053840	0.036261	0.000000	0.090101
  10	0.109881	0.068078	0.000000	0.177959
  11	0.110986	0.076979	0.000000	0.187965
  12	0.117580	0.082484	0.000000	0.200064
  2022		1.581170	1.251733	0.000000	2.832903
  1	0.138540	0.113380	0.000000	0.251920
  2	0.130260	0.103261	0.000000	0.233521
  3	0.135282	0.115366	0.000000	0.250648
  4	0.093684	0.089281	0.000000	0.182965
  5	0.115043	0.103071	0.000000	0.218114
  6	0.126701	0.105615	0.000000	0.232316
  7	0.137397	0.102556	0.000000	0.239953
  8	0.150941	0.114873	0.000000	0.265814
  9	0.091533	0.072224	0.000000	0.163757
  10	0.154101	0.114485	0.000000	0.268586
  11	0.154605	0.109195	0.000000	0.263800
  12	0.153083	0.108426	0.000000	0.261509
  2021		1.470094	1.245860	0.000000	2.715954
  1	0.142761	0.117372	0.000000	0.260133
  2	0.137246	0.116548	0.000000	0.253794
  3	0.150575	0.124368	0.000000	0.274943
  4	0.144894	0.116179	0.000000	0.261073
  5	0.106744	0.092796	0.000000	0.199540
  6	0.139993	0.119166	0.000000	0.259159
  7	0.138806	0.118741	0.000000	0.257547
  8	0.109998	0.093631	0.000000	0.203629
  9	0.041774	0.038369	0.000000	0.080143
  10	0.107838	0.096727	0.000000	0.204565
  11	0.110596	0.095747	0.000000	0.206343
  12	0.138869	0.116216	0.000000	0.255085
  2020		1.673804	1.393319	0.000000	3.067123
  1	0.170682	0.135358	0.000000	0.306040
  2	0.154891	0.126069	0.000000	0.280960
  3	0.158827	0.132825	0.000000	0.291652
  4	0.145073	0.123318	0.000000	0.268391
  5	0.154196	0.120528	0.000000	0.274724
  6	0.142759	0.121518	0.000000	0.264277
  7	0.152789	0.127818	0.000000	0.280607
  8	0.146141	0.126053	0.000000	0.272194
  9	0.080746	0.071638	0.000000	0.152384
  10	0.114769	0.093811	0.000000	0.208580
  11	0.128114	0.108507	0.000000	0.236621
  12	0.124817	0.105876	0.000000	0.230693
  2019		2.182306	1.577022	0.000000	3.759328
  1	0.228279	0.150749	0.000000	0.379028
  2	0.200855	0.132679	0.000000	0.333534
  3	0.214250	0.145480	0.000000	0.359730
  4	0.199028	0.138182	0.000000	0.337210
  5	0.207963	0.142312	0.000000	0.350275
  6	0.188509	0.138385	0.000000	0.326894
  7	0.189144	0.138892	0.000000	0.328036
  8	0.180354	0.141604	0.000000	0.321958
  9	0.094166	0.065060	0.000000	0.159226
  10	0.167486	0.133688	0.000000	0.301174
  11	0.151625	0.118150	0.000000	0.269775
  12	0.160647	0.131841	0.000000	0.292488
  2018		2.721603	1.714233	0.000000	4.435836
  1	0.280182	0.183529	0.000000	0.463711
  2	0.230515	0.149605	0.000000	0.380120
  3	0.253000	0.164879	0.000000	0.417879
  4	0.240758	0.158195	0.000000	0.398953
  5	0.242978	0.160431	0.000000	0.403409
  6	0.237403	0.158315	0.000000	0.395718
  7	0.247785	0.164264	0.000000	0.412049
  8	0.232253	0.140486	0.000000	0.372739
  9	0.064653	0.032062	0.000000	0.096715
  10	0.237788	0.132983	0.000000	0.370771
  11	0.234815	0.140771	0.000000	0.375586
  12	0.219473	0.128713	0.000000	0.348186
  2017		3.712084	2.153988	0.000000	5.866072
  1	0.384132	0.189703	0.000000	0.573835
  2	0.337814	0.173197	0.000000	0.511011
  3	0.295291	0.156644	0.000000	0.451935
  4	0.306473	0.180554	0.000000	0.487027
  5	0.348073	0.202172	0.000000	0.550245
  6	0.339783	0.195939	0.000000	0.535722
  7	0.333500	0.189077	0.000000	0.522577
  8	0.230214	0.131437	0.000000	0.361651
  9	0.280296	0.174861	0.000000	0.455157
  10	0.297296	0.193742	0.000000	0.491038
  11	0.279930	0.183781	0.000000	0.463711
  12	0.279282	0.182881	0.000000	0.462163
  2016		3.916394	1.850717	0.000000	5.767111
  1	0.384850	0.172211	0.000000	0.557061
  2	0.366447	0.160467	0.000000	0.526914
  3	0.323100	0.143313	0.000000	0.466413
  4	0.376545	0.174379	0.000000	0.550924
  5	0.309636	0.145189	0.000000	0.454825
  6	0.357596	0.167364	0.000000	0.524960
  7	0.372972	0.177219	0.000000	0.550191
  8	0.287677	0.138252	0.000000	0.425929
  9	0.072379	0.046656	0.000000	0.119035
  10	0.369953	0.184720	0.000000	0.554673
  11	0.368419	0.182000	0.000000	0.550419
  12	0.326820	0.158947	0.000000	0.485767
  2015		3.515219	1.648010	0.000000	5.163229
  1	0.259231	0.134068	0.000000	0.393299
  2	0.164304	0.081348	0.000000	0.245652
  3	0.027406	0.015306	0.000000	0.042712
  4	0.284580	0.137882	0.000000	0.422462
  5	0.326294	0.157699	0.000000	0.483993
  6	0.320323	0.154284	0.000000	0.474607
  7	0.337338	0.163247	0.000000	0.500585
  8	0.288227	0.141627	0.000000	0.429854
  9	0.337846	0.151662	0.000000	0.489508
  10	0.391606	0.169606	0.000000	0.561212
  11	0.387388	0.168779	0.000000	0.556167
  12	0.390676	0.172502	0.000000	0.563178
  2014		1.292037	0.728502	0.000000	2.020539
  3	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
  4	0.057962	0.040971	0.000000	0.098933
  5	0.078221	0.047741	0.000000	0.125962
  6	0.089083	0.054766	0.000000	0.143849
  7	0.104258	0.062942	0.000000	0.167200
  8	0.048507	0.028371	0.000000	0.076878
  9	0.110664	0.061226	0.000000	0.171890
  10	0.209541	0.119441	0.000000	0.328982
  11	0.275315	0.146256	0.000000	0.421571
  12	0.318486	0.166788	0.000000	0.485274

• Production – charts

  Production – charts

  Production – charts

  Production – charts

  Production – charts

  Production – charts

  Production – charts

  	Any produced water is only included after 1.1.2000

• Wellbores – exploration

  Wellbores – exploration

  Wellbore name	Entered date	Completed date	Purpose	Status	Content
  15/3-1 S	27.11.1974	06.07.1975	WILDCAT	P&A	GAS/CONDENSATE
  15/3-3	05.01.1979	09.08.1979	APPRAISAL	P&A	GAS/CONDENSATE
  15/3-7	26.04.2001	01.09.2001	APPRAISAL	P&A	OIL/GAS
  15/3-8	03.11.2005	11.04.2006	APPRAISAL	P&A	OIL/GAS
  15/3-9	19.05.2010	13.08.2010	WILDCAT	P&A	OIL/GAS

• Wellbores – development

  Wellbores – development

  Wellbore name	Entered date	Completed date	Purpose	Content
  15/3-A-1	06.09.2020	18.10.2021	PRODUCTION	OIL/GAS
  15/3-A-2	26.05.2022	03.06.2022	PRODUCTION	WATER
  15/3-A-4	09.09.2020	26.05.2021	PRODUCTION	WATER
  15/3-A-5	17.11.2011	18.05.2014	OBSERVATION	OIL
  15/3-A-5 A	27.06.2014	12.07.2014	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-6	21.10.2011	03.05.2014	PRODUCTION	GAS/CONDENSATE
  15/3-A-7	13.11.2011	21.10.2014	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-8	16.11.2019	10.11.2020	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-9	28.10.2011	08.03.2013	PRODUCTION	GAS
  15/3-A-10	12.05.2020	27.11.2021	INJECTION	WATER
  15/3-A-11	16.05.2020	02.03.2021	INJECTION	WATER
  15/3-A-12	15.10.2011	17.09.2012	OBSERVATION	NOT APPLICABLE
  15/3-A-12 A	02.03.2022	12.04.2022	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-13	09.11.2011	01.01.2015	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-14	23.01.2015	14.06.2015	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-15	09.11.2019	11.03.2020	PRODUCTION	OIL
  15/3-A-16	03.11.2011	30.07.2015	PRODUCTION	GAS/CONDENSATE

• Wellbores – other

  Wellbores – other

  Wellbore name	Entered date	Completed date	Purpose	Status
  15/3-U-1	20.10.2008	21.10.2008	SOIL DRILLING	P&A
  15/3-U-2	22.10.2008	23.10.2008	SOIL DRILLING	P&A
  15/3-U-3	24.10.2008	25.10.2008	SOIL DRILLING	P&A
  15/3-U-4	28.10.2008	29.10.2008	SOIL DRILLING	P&A
  15/3-U-5	01.11.2008	02.11.2008	SOIL DRILLING	P&A
  15/3-U-7	15.08.2010	19.08.2010	SHALLOW GAS	P&A